International exports adding a significant contribution to the economy include: Higher education - 13.4bn; . We use our scale and influence for the sustainable transformation of travel. The industry's economic . The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is a region encompassing approximately 22 countries. The airline is the world's largest charter airline, carrying 11.8 million passengers in 2019. TUI Airways officially changed its legal name from Thomson Airways to TUI Airways on 2 October 2017. TUI Airways is also the world's tenth-largest airline by number of route pairings served. By measuringthe available accommodation stock in our censuswe'vefound that England has: It's difficult to measure an exact number of visitor attractions, as some businesses or sites, like places of worship, have a different primary purpose but are still visited by tourists. The very first TUI Ski Express hit the rail this winter. "Understanding the economic impact of Brexit,", Centre for European Reform. Smoking-attributable expenditure in the United States (USD billion). You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our. This compensation may impact how and where listings appear. "GDP (current US$) - United Kingdom. A 2017 study by DotEcon found that every 1 of R&D investment could, on average, generate a further 5-9 of social and economic benefit for the UK economy, A quantified assessment of the BBCs contribution to the UK economy in of Gross Value Added (GVA), A largely qualitative assessment of the role of the BBC in supporting the growth of the creative and digital sector, as well as the wider UK economy. The U.K.'s Office for Budget Responsibility, a government agency, suggests that several areas have been affected by the uncertainty related to the Brexit negotiations. The TUI Group is the only company in the world that offers the value chain in the travel sector end-to-end: from advice on how to get there by plane, the vacation experience in the hotel or on the ship, to activities, service, transfers and support for guests at the vacation destination. Early Hum Dev. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. Background: Tobacco smoking is the cause of many preventable diseases and premature deaths in the UK and around the world. Making up over 80% of the UK's total visitor economy, England's tourism sector is vibrant and vital. Employing over 2million people. contributed 10.1 billion to the UK's GDP in 2020, contributing a total of 350 for every 100 supported across the UK's economy. The use of pharmacotherapies such as varenicline, NRT, and Bupropion, when combined with GP counseling or other behavioral treatment interventions (such as proactive telephone counseling and Web-based delivery), is both clinically effective and cost effective to primary health care providers.Price-based policy measures such as increase in tobacco taxes are unarguably the most effective means of reducing the consumption of tobacco. Quarterly GDP per capita growth in the UK 1955-2022, Daily number of jobs furloughed in the UK 2020-2021, Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022. We will ensure that local people and communities benefit from tourism and the local supply chain. As part of the indirect (non-health-related) costs of smoking, the total productivity losses caused by smoking each year in the US have been estimated at US$151 billion.The costs of smoking notwithstanding, it produces some potential economic benefits. On some flights, passengers have the option of purchasing seats with extra legroom. The information is collected anonymously and transfered to our analytics partner. A milestone in international train travel! This is complicated further by the fact that economic events since the formal separation have largely been dominated by the effects of the COVID-19 related lockdowns. The economic burden of smoking estimated in terms of GDP reveals that smoking accounts for approximately 0.7% of China's GDP and approximately 1% of US GDP. Euravia (later renamed Britannia Airways in December 1964. ", Office for National Statistics. Public subsidy is vital to the ongoing success of museums and galleries, and public support for this funding remains high. Our ambition is to continue to lead the industry and actively shape a more sustainable future for tourism in all three dimensions of sustainability (social, environmental and economic). We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. Now - more than ever - we have a role to play in supporting social and economic recovery, promoting talent and serving all audiences up and down all four nations of the UK.. These figures include direct and indirect economic output and employment. These sectors have undergone rapid growth and are bright prospects for future economic prosperity in the UK. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. The Thomson Airways brand was launched for the combined airline on 1 November 2008. Tourism's impact is amplified through the economy, so its impact is much wider than just the direct spending levels. Shao Y, Zha S, Qin M, Zhu Q, Yang X, Yang C, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yang W, Zhou K, Li Y, Tang X, Yu Q. In many places, the company is the largest private investor and long-term strategic partner of the destination countries. The wide-ranging paper, using a well-established approach for assessing economic impact, presents an analysis of the BBCs economic contribution and looks at local investment, creative innovation, investment in research and development and investment in people, skills and training. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies A 10% tax-induced cigarette price increase anywhere in the world reduces smoking prevalence by between 4% and 8%. Subsequently, the U.K. implemented some of the most draconian lockdown measures, with a general national lockdown from March to July. Brexodus refers to the mass exit of individuals and corporations that Brexit, the U.K.'s divorce from the EU, is predicted to potentially cause. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that, globally, smoking causes over US$500 billion in economic damage each year. Runs TUI Care Foundation, which supports holiday destinations in their development. ", Office for National Statistics. Be part of our Freelance Content Producer Network! The cost effectiveness of school-based programs show that one could expect a saving of approximately between US$2,000 and US$20,000 per QALY saved due to averted smoking after 2-4 years of follow-up.Workplace-based interventions could represent a sound economic investment to both employers and the society at large, achieving a benefit-cost ratio of up to 8.75 and generating 12-month employer cost savings of between $150 and $540 per nonsmoking employee. Tourism has grown - minus the pandemic years - twice as fast as world GDP in the last 15 years. Finally, on May 29, 1953, by proclamation, Elizabeth II became known as queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This text provides general information. "Britains decision to leave the EU damaged growth, largely thanks to higher inflation and lower business investment. In with English common law, out with Welsh law. Public expenditure on culture is a small fraction of overall government spending, but reaps dividends. OUTCOMES ASSESSED IN THE REVIEWPrimary outcomes of the selected studies are smoking prevalence, direct and indirect costs of smoking, and the costs and benefits of smoking cessation interventions (eg, "cost per quitter", "cost per life year saved", "cost per quality-adjusted life year gained," "present value" or "net benefits" from smoking cessation, and "cost savings" from personal health care expenditure). MeSH Museums and galleries are a sound investment and well placed to help the UK recover from a recession that has profoundly changed the economic landscape. You will find the Imprint here. .and with this size comes a responsibility Investopedia does not include all offers available in the marketplace. Supporting thousands of businesses. Available at: Shafey O, Eriksen M, Ross H, Mackay J. people, investment and ideas that stimulate economic development must flow unimpeded to maximise their contribution to consumers and the wider economy. The food products division is the largest within the U.K. manufacturing sector, showing a decrease in sales of 0.9 billion in 2019 over 2018. However, because of the timeline, the actual economic impact of Brexit itself is still unclear. Keywords: The cultural economy of the UK is leading the way on the global stage. As such, tourist spending significantly exceeds global development aid. We are working to reduce the environmental footprint of holidays and drive-up environmental standards in our industry. Still, Wales and England had been unified. Global evidence of environmental and lifestyle effects on medical expenditures across 154 countries. The Feasibility of a Primary Care Based Navigation Service to Support Access to Health and Social Resources: The Access to Resources in the Community (ARC) Model. It creates employment, provides education and drives up social and environmental standards. To make tourism one of the most successful and productive sectors for the UK economy. Choose which cookies are permitted by using the Status-Switch. TOURISM IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE FORM OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION Tourist spending exceeds global development aid by a factor of almost four - and the trend is rising sharply. Itsquality of life is generally considered high, and the economy is quite diversified. cost effectiveness; costbenefit analysis; economic impact; effectiveness; smoking cessation; smoking prevalence. The UK service sector, UK National Accounts, The Blue Book: 2018, UK manufacturers' sales by product: 2018 revised results, Understanding the economic impact of Brexit, Discussion paper No.3 Brexit and the OBR's forecasts, COVID-19: Imperial researchers model likely impact of public health measures, Boris Johnson orders UK lockdown to be enforced by police, Coronavirus lockdown eased: what you can and can't do from 4 July, GDP first quarterly estimate, UK: April to June 2020. Deloitte estimates the tourism GVA . See this image and copyright information in PMC. We also performed hand searching of relevant articles, health reports, and white papers issued by government bodies, international health organizations, and health intervention campaign agencies. Employing over 2 million people. Our Agenda is underpinned by three core building blocks, to empower People to drive development, reduce TUIs environmental footprint on the Planet and partner with others to Progress the transformation of our industry. The UK service sector. Clare Sumner, the BBCs Director of Policy, says: This report demonstrates what a vital asset the BBC is - not only for our creative industries, but for local investment, jobs and training right across the UK - and we have plans in place for so much more over the coming years. We are mindful of the importance of travel and tourism for many countries in the world and for the people living there. Due to varying update cycles, statistics can display more up-to-date The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. The larger economic decline in the U.K. relative to other countries reflects not just the restrictions imposed but the long period of the lockdown. Macroeconomics Definition, History, and Schools of Thought, Microeconomics Definition, Uses, and Concepts, 4 Economic Concepts Consumers Need to Know, Law of Supply and Demand in Economics: How It Works, Demand-Side Economics Definition, Examples of Policies, Supply-Side Theory: Definition and Comparison to Demand-Side. Sutureless Aortic Valve Replacement for Treatment of Severe Aortic Stenosis: A Single Technology Assessment of Perceval Sutureless Aortic Valve [Internet]. Available at: Max W, Rice DP, Sung HY, Zhang X, Miller L. The economic burden of smoking in California. The union officially ended on January 7, 1922, when the treaty was ratified by the Dil. eCollection 2022 Dec. Dahrouge S, Gauthier AP, Durand F, Lemonde M, Saluja K, Kendall C, Premji K, Presseau J, Chomienne MH, Toal-Sullivan DA, Timony P, Perna A, Prud'homme D. Int J Integr Care. Share on mail. That banner, the forerunner of the United Kingdoms familiar flag, took its name, the Union Jack, from the shortened form of the name Jacobus, the Latin version of James. We strive to become sustainability leaders in all that we do. The report also identifies an emerging creative cluster in Cardiff, where the BBC has opened Central Square and Roath Lock. This union remained in place until the recognition of the Irish Free Stateexcluding six of the counties of the northern province of Ulsterby the Anglo-Irish treaty concluded on December 6, 1921, following the Irish War of Independence (Anglo-Irish War, 191921). For more information, including the processing of data by third party providers, see our Cookie Notice. Finally, at the beginning of the 18th century, Scotland needed economic help, and England needed a safeguard against the possibility of Scotland serving as a launching ground for French attacks. 2008;6:5168. Tourism works hand in hand with a wide range of sectors across England, including farming, transport, retail . [22], Most scheduled flights operated by TUI Airways are on behalf of tour operators. You can also find out the latest sustainability news, journey through our timeline of key milestones and discover sustainability in numbers. The Rhodes Co-Lab will serve as a laboratory for sustainable tourism of the future and strengthen and further develop the positive impacts of tourism. -, Kahende JW, Loomis BR, Adhikari B, Marshall L. A review of economic evaluations of tobacco control programs. These cookies are required to enable you to navigate through the websites and use key functions. They make an important contribution to the economy, comparing favourably to the financial services sector. Please do not hesitate to contact me. 2017-01. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The included studies were assessed against criteria indicated in the Cochrane Reviewers Handbook version 5.0.0. The Sustainability Agenda is our response to the key industry and global challenges we will face in the coming decades, such as climate change. We use our scale and influence for the sustainable transformation of travel. The Irish Rebellion of 1798 and the fear that Ireland would be the launchpad for a French invasion led British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger to believe that the best solution to the problem was another union, this time between Great Britain and Ireland. Epub 2020 Sep 12. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of computer and other electronic aids for smoking cessation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Click on the years to follow our journey as we look at some of our key milestones since 1990, holidays to sustainability certified hotels since 2015, Hotels with sustainability certifications in 2022, freshwater consumption per cruise passenger night since 2015, Airline carbon efficiency improvements since 2008, Excursions delivered with sustainability at their heart since 2015, single-use plastics items removed since 2018, TUI Care Foundation projects active in 25 destinations. And the economic cost of the decision so far is sizeable, if not disastrous," claimed deputy director John Springford. Failing to achieve that goal, he contented himself with their symbolic unification in the creation of a flag in 1606 that bore both the English cross of St. George and the Scottish cross of St. Andrew. ", Office for National Statistics. The differences in reported cost effectiveness may be partly attributed to varying methodological approaches including varying parametric inputs, differences in national contexts, differences in advertising campaigns tested on different media, and disparate levels of resourcing between campaigns. It also produces huge tax revenues for most governments, especially in high-income countries, as well as employment in the tobacco industry. The sectors that contribute most to the U.K.'s GDP are services, manufacturing,construction, and tourism. History [ edit] The United Kingdom's passenger facilitation (5.7/10) scores above the European average (4.1/10). In the UK, the direct costs of smoking to the NHS have been estimated at between 2.7 billion and 5.2 billion, which is equivalent to around 5% of the total NHS budget each year. Report from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health No. Study selection: Free and equal trade throughout the new unified kingdom would be Scotlands payoff. The Top 10 Economic Indicators in the U.K. International COVID-19 Stimulus and Relief, Top 25 Developed and Developing Countries. With a gross domestic product (GDP) of $2.83 trillion in 2019and a population of more than 66 million, the United Kingdom has the sixth-largest economy after the U.S., China, Japan, Germany, and India. For example, it includes port services and supply chains such as food manufactured for consumption on cruise ships. Not everyone in Scotland was happy with the British administration of their home (which contributed to the staging of the failed Jacobite rebellions of 1715 and 1745), but there was a clear difference between Scotlands partnership with England and the restricted relationship Ireland had with Great Britain. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. With a 2019 gross domestic product (GDP) of $2.83 trillion, the United Kingdom has the sixth-largest economy in the world. 2021 Oct;25(59):1-224. doi: 10.3310/hta25590. U.K. exports were worth 689 billion in 2019, or 31.1% of GDP. Cars were the biggest goods product group by value at 31.6 billion. Financial services accounted for 63.2 billion of total exports in 2019. The EU is the country's largest single trading partner and accounted for 43.5% of exports in 2019.. Tourism is one of the world's largest industries and the main force for development and prosperity in many parts of the world. Tourism works hand in hand with a wide range of sectors across England,including farming, transport, retail, sport, museums and the arts. Though the majority of projections are negative, they range from an 18% loss to a 7% gain in U.K. economic output as a result of Brexit. TUI Airways has its origins in several rival airlines. Front Public Health. The value of tourism in England. -. Every holiday leaves an impression in our hearts, but also on the environment. 25 January 2023. After posting steady growth in 2017, the U.K. manufacturing sector only grew by 0.4%, and construction output fell by 0.4%in 2018, according to The Blue Book: 2019 from theU.K. ONS. Int J Environ Res Public Health. By 2030, emissions from TUI Airline are to be reduced by 24 percent, Group-owned hotels by at least 46.2 percent and cruises by 27.5 percent compared to 2019 levels. Every holiday leaves an impression - in our hearts, but also on the environment. According to the UNWTO's 2022 World Tourism Barometer, nearly 250 million international travellers were recorded in the first five months of 2022. United Kingdom. Its head office and Registered Office is Wigmore House in Luton, Bedfordshire. [4] TUI's sister company, TUI UK (formerly Thomson Holidays), has ceased using the 'Thomson' brand, adopting the TUI UK brand on 18 October 2017.[20]. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. "Travel trends: 2018.". Due to its universal reach and low implementation costs, online campaign appears to be substantially more cost effective than other media, though it may not be as effective in reducing smoking prevalence.School-based smoking prevalence programs tend to reduce short-term smoking prevalence by between 30% and 70%. The Tobacco Atlas. Overseas visitors spent 2.34 billion, 13% more than the previous year, according to Visit Britain. Before we get started, it's worth noting that TUI is a large tour operator, including tour companies, hotels and resorts, as well as offering flights. The information in this guide is taken from TUI Airways, and refers to flights which TUI operate, rather than flights with other carriers which may be sold as part of package tours. "UK Trade in Numbers," Page 13. They include cookies for the operation and optimization of the website as well as cookies for analyses, retargeting and to provide personalised content on websites by third party providers. contributed an estimated 11.9bn to the UK economy in tuition fees and living . Further financial support for museums and galleries will be needed into the future to ensure this economic growth continues apace. As an important interim step, TUI has committed to 2030 emission reduction targets for its own airlines, cruises and hotels. Thus, the 1707 Act of Union, which went into effect on May 1, 1707, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain, was a winning deal on both sides of the border. The Cruise Lines International Association reports that cruise industry contributes 10 billion to the UK economy each year and supports more than 88,000 jobs. Geneva, Switzerland: 2013. The service industry in the U.K. comprises many industries, including finance and business services, consumer-focused industries, such as retail, food and beverage, and entertainment. By 2027/28 the BBC will be spending at least an extra 700m cumulatively across the UK - which will generate an estimated additional economic benefit of over 850 million. Mat Rifin H, Jane Ling MY, Robert Lourdes TG, Saminathan TA, Rodzlan Hasani WS, Ab Majid NL, Hamid HAA, Riyadzi MR, Ahmad A, Mohd Yusoff MF, Muhamad NA. Employment in the sector in Salford saw growth of 142% between 2010 and 2019, and the number of digital or creative businesses has grown by 70%. Sixty years later, England and Scotland were still entirely independent kingdoms when Queen Elizabeth I of England died unmarried and childless in 1603. [27], As of December 2022, the TUI Airways Ltd fleet consists of the following aircraft:[28][29], TUI Airways formerly operated the following aircraft:[29], Media related to TUI Airways at Wikimedia Commons, This article is about the British airline. TUI baggage size. 33,374 serviced accommodation businesses (e.g bed andbreakfasts, guest houses and hotels) with 786,775 bedrooms and 1,768,795 bed spaces. The English also feared a Jacobite attempt to restore the crown to Queen Annes exiled Roman Catholic half-brother, James Edward, the Old Pretender. SEARCH METHODS We used two major health care/economic research databases, namely PubMed and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) database that contains the British National Health Service (NHS) Economic Evaluation Database; Cochrane Library of systematic reviews in health care and health policy; and other health-care-related bibliographic sources. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Average weekly earning growth in the UK 2001-2022, Public sector spending in the United Kingdom 2021/22, Number of people employed in the UK 1971-2021, Gross domestic product of the United Kingdom from 1948 to 2021 (in million GBP), Annual growth of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1949 to 2022, Gross domestic product per capita in the United Kingdom from 1955 to 2021 (in GBP), Quarterly gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1955 to 4th quarter 2022 (in million GBP), Quarterly growth of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 2015 to 4th quarter 2022, Quarterly GDP per capita in the UK 1955-2022, Quarterly GDP per capita in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1955 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in GBP), Monthly index of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from January 1997 to December 2022, Monthly growth of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from January 2020 to December 2022, Gross domestic product of the United Kingdom in 2020, by region (in million GBP), GDP growth rate in the UK 2020, by region, Annual growth rates of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom in 2020, by region, Gross domestic product per capita of the United Kingdom in 2020, by region (in GBP), Forecasted annual growth of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2027, Unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022, Employment rate in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022, Number of people unemployed in the UK 1971-2022, Number of people unemployed in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022 (in 1,000s), Number of people employed in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022 (in 1,000s), Unemployment rate in the UK 1971-2022, by gender, Unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022, by gender, Unemployment rate in the UK 1992-2022, by age group, Unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from May 1992 to December 2022, by age group, Youth unemployment rate in the UK 1992-2022, Youth unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from May 1992 to December 2022, Average annual earnings for full-time employees in the UK 1999-2022, Median annual earnings for full-time employees in the United Kingdom from 1999 to 2022 (in GBP), Average year-on-year growth of weekly earnings (3 month average) in the United Kingdom from March 2001 to December 2022, Number of redundancies in the UK 1995-2022, Average number of people made redundant in the United Kingdom from May 1995 to December 2022 (in 1,000s), Overall weekly hours worked in the UK 1971-2022, Overall weekly hours worked for all employees in the United Kingdom from May 1971 to December 2022 (in million hours worked), Output per hour worked in the UK 1971 to 2022, Economic output per hour worked in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1971 to 3rd quarter 2022 (2019=100), Annual unemployment rate in the UK 2000-2027, Annual unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2027, Inflation rate for the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in the United Kingdom from January 1989 to January 2023, Inflation rate for the Retail Price Index in the United Kingdom from June 1948 to January 2023, Inflation rate for the Consumer Price Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) in the United Kingdom from January 1989 to January 2023, Producer Price Index (PPI) in the United Kingdom from October 2010 to January 2023, CPI inflation rate in the UK 2023, by sector, Inflation rate for the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in the United Kingdom in January 2023, by sector, Consumer Price Index (CPI) in the United Kingdom from January 1988 to January 2023, Retail Price Index (RPI) in the United Kingdom from January 1987 to January 2023, Consumer Price Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) in the United Kingdom from January 1988 to January 2023, Annual inflation rate of the Retail Price Index in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2027, Annual inflation rate of the Consumer Price Index in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2027, Central government current expenditure UK 1997-2021, Central government current expenditure in the United Kingdom from 1997/98 to 2020/21 (in million GBP), Government current receipts in the UK 1997-2021, Total central government current receipts in the United Kingdom from 1997/98 to 2020/21 (in million GBP), Public sector net debt in the UK 1997-2021, Public sector net debt in the United Kingdom from 1997/98 to 2020/21 (in billion GBP), Public sector net borrowing as a percentage of GDP in the UK 1920-2021, Public sector net borrowing as a percentage of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1920/21 to 2020/21, Public sector net borrowing in the United Kingdom from 1997/98 to 2020/21 (in million GBP), National debt as a percentage of GDP in the UK 1920-2022, Public sector net debt expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1920/21 to 2021/22, Budgeted public sector expenditure on services in the United Kingdom in 2021/22, by function (in billion GBP), Government revenue sources in the United Kingdom 2021/22, by source, Expected public sector current receipts in the United Kingdom in 2021/22, by function (in billion GBP), Largest companies in the United Kingdom based on revenue 2022, Largest companies in the United Kingdom based on revenue in 2022 (in billion US dollars), Largest UK companies based on number of global employees 2020, Largest companies based in the United Kingdom on number of employees worldwide in 2020 (in 1,000s), Number of private sector businesses in the UK 2000-2022, Number of private sector businesses in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2022 (in millions), Number of private sector businesses in the UK 2022, by sector, Number of private sector businesses in the United Kingdom in 2022, by sector, Number of businesses by enterprise size in the UK 2022, Number of private sector businesses in the United Kingdom in 2022, by employment size, Number of private sector businesses in the UK 2022, by region, Number of private sector businesses in the United Kingdom in 2022, by region, Number of local business units in the UK 2012-2022, Number of local units in VAT and/or PAYE based enterprises in the United Kingdom from 2012 to 2022 (in millions), Business investment index in the UK 1997-2022, Business investment index in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1997 to 4th quarter 2022 (Q1 1997=100), Business confidence Index in the UK 1974-2023, Business confidence Index of the United Kingdom from March 1974 to January 2023 (100 = long-term average).
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